Rosh Hashanah 17

Chapter 17

א ורבנן שנת חמשים אתה מונה ואי אתה מונה שנת חמשים ואחת לאפוקי מדר' יהודה דאמר שנת חמשים עולה לכאן ולכאן קא משמע לן דלא

1 And the Rabbis [ - what do they make of these words]?1 - [They say]: You are to count the fiftieth year, but you are not to count the fifty-first,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit. 'the year fifty and first'. So our texts, the meaning being, according to Rashi, that you are not to reckon the fiftieth year as fiftieth to the Jubilee and first to the next septennate. Tosaf., by a slight change of wording, renders: 'You are to count the fiftieth year (as fiftieth to the Jubilee) , but you are not to count the fiftieth year as one (to the following septennate) ', which is a smoother reading.');">2 to exclude the view of R'Judah, who said that the fiftieth year is reckoned both ways.3

ב ודמוסיפין מחול על קדש מנלן

2 We are here told that this is not so. And how do we know [from the Scripture] that we add from the profane on to the holy?4 - As it has been taught: In plowing time and in harvest time thou shalt rest.5

ג דתניא (שמות לד, כא) בחריש ובקציר תשבות ר"ע אומר אינו צריך לומר חריש וקציר של שביעית שהרי כבר נאמר (ויקרא כה, ד) שדך לא תזרע וגו' אלא חריש של ערב שביעית הנכנס לשביעית וקציר של שביעית היוצא למוצאי שביעית

3 R'Akiba, [commenting on this,] said: There was no need [for Scripture] to specify the ploughing and harvest of the Sabbatical year, since this has already been mentioned [in] thy field thou shalt not sow etc.6 What must be meant therefore is the ploughing of the year before the seventh which is passing into the seventh,7 and the harvest of the seventh year which is continuing into the period after the seventh year.8

ד ר' ישמעאל אומר מה חריש רשות אף קציר רשות יצא קציר העומר שהוא מצוה

4 R'Ishmael said: Just as ploughing is optional,9 so the harvest [here referred to] is an optional one, excluding the harvesting of the 'Omer, which is a religious duty.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Ishmael takes the words 'in plowing time etc.' to refer to the Sabbath, and learns from them that the 'Omer to be brought on the second day of Passover may be reaped on Sabbath, v. Mak. 8b.');">10 Whence then does R'Ishmael derive the rule that an addition is to be made from the profane on to the holy? - From what has been taught: And ye shall afflict your souls on the ninth day:11

ה ורבי ישמעאל מוסיפין מחול על קדש מנ"ל נפקא ליה מדתניא (ויקרא כג, לב) ועניתם את נפשותיכם בתשעה יכול בתשעה תלמוד לומר בערב אי בערב יכול משתחשך ת"ל בתשעה הא כיצד מתחיל ומתענה מבעוד יום מלמד שמוסיפין מחול על קדש

5 I might think [literally] on the ninth day. It therefore says, In the evening.12 if in the evening, I might think, after dark?

ו אין לי אלא בכניסתו ביציאתו מנין ת"ל (ויקרא כג, לב) מערב עד ערב

6 I therefore says , 'or, the ninth day'.13 What then am I to understand? That we begin fasting while it is yet day; which shows that we add from the profane on to the holy.

ז אין לי אלא יוה"כ שבתות מנין ת"ל תשבתו ימים טובים מנין ת"ל שבתכם הא כיצד כל מקום שיש בו שבות מוסיפין מחול על קדש

7 I know this [so far] only in regard to the inception [of the holy day]; how do I know it in regard to its termination? Because it says, from evening to evening.12 So far I have brought only the Day of Atonement under the rule; how do I know that it applies to Sabbaths also?

ח ור"ע האי ועניתם את נפשותיכם בתשעה מאי עביד ליה מיבעי ליה לכדתני חייא בר רב מדפתי דתני חייא בר רב מדפתי ועניתם את נפשותיכם בתשעה וכי בתשעה מתענין והלא בעשירי מתענין אלא לומר לך כל האוכל ושותה בתשיעי מעלה עליו הכתוב

8 Because it says, ye shall rest.14 How do I know that it applies to festivals? Because it says, your Sabbath.14 How am I to understand this? That wherever there is an obligation to rest, we add from the profane on to the holy. What then does R'Akiba make of this, 'and ye shall afflict your souls on the ninth day'? - He requires it for the lesson learnt by R'Hiyya B'Rab from Difti.15 For R'Hiyya B'Rab from Difti learnt: 'And ye shall afflict your souls on the ninth day'. Do we then fast on the ninth day? Is it not on the tenth day that we fast? [We do]; but [the use of this word] indicates that if a man eats and drinks on the ninth day, the Scripture accounts it to him

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